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Whether you're new to economics or just want to deepen your understanding, this course covers the basics and connects them to today’s pressing issues—from inequality to public policy decisions.

Each week, you'll receive a reading guide that distills core principles, offers actionable takeaways, and explains how they affect the current world. While the full ebook enriches the experience, the guides alone provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental economic ideas.

You’ll find this course especially useful and unique because…
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You'll gain real-world insights into how economics impacts your daily life with this easy-to-follow online course. This crash course is based on the acclaimed textbook Economy, Society, and Public Policy by CORE Econ, tailored to help you grasp key concepts without feeling overwhelmed.

Whether you're new to economics or just want to deepen your understanding, this course covers the basics and connects them to today’s pressing issues—from inequality to public policy decisions.

Each week, you'll receive a reading guide that distills core principles, offers actionable takeaways, and explains how they affect the current world. While the full ebook enriches the experience, the guides alone provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental economic ideas.

You’ll find this course especially useful and unique because…
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} super(...items); this.Buttons = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); this.OtherAmountInput = items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount); } get amount () { const activeButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.checked); if (activeButton.value === "other") { const otherButton = activeButton; if (!otherButton) { throw new Error("GiftArray.amount: Other Button was not defined."); } otherButton.click(); return this.OtherAmountInput.value; } else { return activeButton.value; } } set amount (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseFloat(newAmount); const matchingButton = this.find((item) => item.value === newAmount); if (matchingButton) { matchingButton.click(); } else { const otherButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.value === "other"); otherButton.click(); this.OtherAmountInput.amount = newAmount; } } addEventListeners (eventType, callbackFunction, filter = undefined) { if (filter && typeof filter === 'function') { const filteredItems = this.filter((item) => filter.call(this, item)); filteredItems.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } else if (filter && typeof filter === 'string') { if (filter.match(/buttons/gmi)) this.Buttons.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); if (filter.match(/other/gmi)) this.OtherAmountInput.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction); } else { this.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } } } class FrequencyButton extends RadioButtonComponent { constructor (element) { super(element); } get frequency () { return this.text.match(/Monthly/gmi) ? "Monthly" : "One-Time"; } set freqency (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseInt(newAmount); this.text = '$' + newAmount; this.value = newAmount; } } class FrequencyArray extends Array { constructor (items) { if (!Array.isArray(items) && items.length === 0) { throw new Error("FrequencyArray: Arugment 1 is not an instance of Array with a length greater than 0:" + items.join(', ')); } /*if (items.every((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton || item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { if (items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { let temp = items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount); items = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); items.push(temp); } } else*/ if (items.every((item) => item instanceof HTMLElement)) { items = items.map((item) => item.matches(".webform-component-textfield") ? new GiftArrayOtherAmount(item) : new GiftArrayButton(item)); } else { throw new Error("FrequencyArray: Arugment 1 is not of type HTMLElement or HTMLElement[]:" + items.join(', ')); } super(...items); this.Buttons = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); } get frequency () { const activeButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.checked); if (activeButton.value === "recurs") return "monthly"; if (activeButton.value === "NO_RECURR") return "one-time"; return activeButton.value; } set frequency (newFrequency) { const reNewFrequencyValue = new RegExp(newFrequency, 'gmi'); const matchingButton = this.find((item) => item.value.match(reNewFrequencyValue) || item.text.match(reNewFrequencyValue)); matchingButton.click(); } get recurring () { return this.frequency === "monthly" ? true : false; } set recurring (bool) { this.frequency = bool === true ? "monthly" : "one-time"; } addEventListeners (eventType, callbackFunction, filter = undefined) { if (filter && typeof filter === 'function') { const filteredItems = this.filter((item) => filter.call(this, item)); filteredItems.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } else if (filter && typeof filter === 'string') { if (filter.match(/buttons/gmi)) this.Buttons.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); if (filter.match(/other/gmi)) this.OtherAmountInput.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction); } else { this.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } } } // const lockedProperty = { writable: false, configurable: false, enumerable: true }; function DonationFormAPI (elements, options = {}) { const defaultOptions = { min: 1.00, max: 999999.99, makeTabbed: false, fakeSubmit: true, overrideGiftArrayValues: false, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; // const { frequencyRadios, submitButton, root } = elements; const [ amountRadiosOnetime, amountRadiosMonthly ] = elements.amountRadios; const oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper = amountRadiosOnetime.find((div) => !div.matches('.webform-component-textfield') || div.querySelector('input[type="text"]')); const oneTimeRadioButtons = amountRadiosOnetime.filter((div) => div !== oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper); const monthlyOtherAmountWrapper = amountRadiosMonthly.find((div) => !div.matches('.webform-component-textfield') || div.querySelector('input[type="text"]')); const monthlyRadioButtons = amountRadiosMonthly.filter((div) => div !== monthlyOtherAmountWrapper); const debug = { log: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), info: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), warn: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), error: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), }; // const api = new Object(); Object.defineProperty(api, 'root', { value: root, writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'FORM_MINIMUM': { value: options.min || 0, ...lockedProperty }, 'FORM_MAXIMUM': { value: options.max || Infinity, ...lockedProperty }, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { GiftArrays: { value: { "one-time": new GiftArray([ ...oneTimeRadioButtons, oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper ]), "monthly": new GiftArray([ ...monthlyRadioButtons, monthlyOtherAmountWrapper ]), }, writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }, Frequencies: { value: new FrequencyArray(frequencyRadios), writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }, SubmitButton: { value: submitButton, writable: false, configurable: false, enumerable: true, } }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'getFrequency': { value: async function () { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { resolve(this.Frequencies.frequency); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setFrequency': { value: async function (frequency) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { this.Frequencies.frequency = frequency; if (await this.getFrequency() === frequency) resolve(frequency); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'getAmount': { value: async function (frequency = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { frequency = frequency || await this.getFrequency(); if (frequency && this.GiftArrays.hasOwnProperty(frequency)) { const activeGiftArray = this.GiftArrays[frequency]; resolve(activeGiftArray.amount); } else { throw new Error("getAmount: Invalid frequency: " + frequency); } } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setAmount': { value: async function (amount, frequency = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { const currentFrequency = await this.getFrequency(); if (!frequency) { frequency = currentFrequency; } else if (frequency !== currentFrequency) { frequency = await this.setFrequency(frequency); } if (frequency && this.GiftArrays.hasOwnProperty(frequency)) { const activeGiftArray = this.GiftArrays[frequency]; activeGiftArray.amount = amount; } else { throw new Error("setAmount: Invalid frequency: " + frequency); } if (await this.getAmount() === amount) resolve(amount); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'getRecurring': { value: async function () { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { resolve(this.Frequencies.recurring); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setRecurring': { value: async function (bool) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { this.Frequencies.frequency = bool ? true : false; if (await this.getRecurring() === bool) resolve(bool); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, freqency: { get () { return this.getFrequency() }, set (value) { this.setFrequency(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, amount: { get () { return this.getAmount() }, set (value) { this.setAmount(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, recurring: { get () { return this.getRecurring() }, set (value) { this.setRecurring(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'submit': { value: async function (condition = this.validate||function(){return true}) { //this.hooks['onBeforeSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); let result; const isAsyncFunction = (func) => func.constructor.name === "AsyncFunction"; if (Array.isArray(condition)) { if (condition.every((c) => typeof c === 'function' && isAsyncFunction(c))) { result = await Promise.all(condition.map(async (c) => await c.call(this))); } else if (condition.every((c) => typeof c === 'function')) { result = condition.every((c) => c.call(this)); } else if (condition.every((c) => c === true || c === false)) { result = condition.every((c) => c); } } else if (typeof condition === 'function' && isAsyncFunction(condition)) { result = await condition.call(this); } else if (typeof condition === 'function') { result = condition.call(this); } else if (condition === true || condition === false) { result = condition; } else { console.error("Unknown error."); debugger; } // if (result === true) { if (window.NA.DonationForm.hasOwnProperty("DEBUG_MODE") && window.NA.DonationForm["DEBUG_MODE"] == true) return console.log("Submit aborted (debug mode is enabled)."); this.SubmitButton.click(), this.hooks['onSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); //this.hooks['onAfterSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } else { return console.log("Submit failed (conditions did not evaluate to true)."); } }, ...lockedProperty }, 'interceptSubmit': { value: function (handleInterceptedSubmit = () => { return new Promise((resolve) => resolve(undefined)) }) { try { window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy || createNewSubmitButton(window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, { cloneOriginal: false, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: false }); window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.addEventListener('click', async (event) => { event.preventDefault(), event.stopPropagation(); const shouldFormSubmit = await handleInterceptedSubmit.call(this, event); if (shouldFormSubmit) { console.info("Submit allowed by initial interceptSubmit callback function resulting in a truthy evaluation."); const formIsValid = await window.NA.DonationForm.validate(); if (!formIsValid) { // if submit allowed but there are known errors in the form console.warn("Form has known errors. Attempting to submit to show errors then retrying."); console.log("Submitting..."); window.NA.DonationForm.submit(true); // submit anyway to trigger the error to be shown window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButton hidden."), // hide the original submit button again window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy hidden."); // hide the copy of the submit button again window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.removeProperty("display"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy unhidden."); // show the copy of the submit button } else { console.log("Submitting..."); window.NA.DonationForm.submit(true); } } else { console.log("Submit prevented."); console.info("Next submit will be allowed."); window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton.style.removeProperty("display"), debug.info("SubmitButton unhidden."); // show the original submit button so that if something goes wrong the user can still click the submit button window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy hidden."); // hide the copy of the submit button that intercepts submit attempts so that there aren't two buttons } }); console.log("Submit intercept added.\nButton:", window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy); } catch (error) { console.error("Failed to add submit intercept:", error); } }, ...lockedProperty }, 'validate': { value: async function (root = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); root = root || this.root; const flattenArray = (array) => array.reduce((flat, toFlatten) => flat.concat(Array.isArray(toFlatten) ? flattenArray(toFlatten) : toFlatten), []); try { const freqency = await this.getFrequency(), amount = await this.getAmount(); if (!freqency || !amount) return false; if (amount < this.FORM_MINIMUM || amount > this.FORM_MAXIMUM) return console.error("validate:", "Gift amount is invalid:", amount), false; let requiredFields = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('label:has(.form-required)')) .map((label) => document.getElementById(label.htmlFor) || (label.nextElementSibling || label.previousElementSibling)) .filter((_) => !!_) // remove blanks .filter((field) => { if (field.name && field.name.includes('[payment_information]')) return false; return true; }) .map((field) => { if (field.matches("div")) return [...field.querySelectorAll('input')]; return field; }) requiredFields = flattenArray(requiredFields); const valid = requiredFields.every((input) => { const type = input.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'select' ? 'select' : input.type; const { name, value, id } = input; //console.log(type, name, value); if (name === 'submitted[payment_information][payment_fields][credit][card_number]') { if (value && value.length === 16) return true; return console.error("validate:", name+':', "CC is invalid."), false; } if (name === 'submitted[leadership_circle]') return true; if (name === 'submitted[donation][other_amount]' || name === 'submitted[donation][recurring_other_amount]') if (amount) return true; switch (type) { case 'email': const emailRegex = /^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$/; if (!emailRegex.test(value)) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Email address is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; case 'tel': if (!value || value.length < 10) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Phone number is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; case 'select': case 'radio': case 'text': if (!value || value.length === 0) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Field is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; default: debug.log("default"); return true; } /*if (!value || value.length === 0) return false;*/ }); return valid; } catch (error) { console.error(error); return false; } }, ...lockedProperty }, //'makeTabbed': { value: function(){} }, 'DonationInterrupter': { value: { init: initDonationInterrupter.bind(api) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, } }); initHooks(api, ['onFrequencyChange', 'onAmountChange', 'onTrySubmit', 'onSubmit']); api.Frequencies.addEventListeners('change', (event) => { if (event.target.checked) { api.hooks['onFrequencyChange'].forEach((callback) => { callback.call(api, event.target.value); }); } }); Object.entries(api.GiftArrays).forEach(([ key, GiftArray ]) => { GiftArray.addEventListeners('change', (event) => { if (event.target.checked) { api.hooks['onAmountChange'].forEach((callback) => { callback.call(api, event.target.value); }); } }); }); api.SubmitButton.addEventListener('click', (event) => { api.hooks['onTrySubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(api, event)); }); api.root.addEventListener('submit', (event) => { api.hooks['onSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(api, event)); }); if (options.makeTabbed) api.makeTabbed(); /*if (options.fakeSubmit) window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy || createNewSubmitButton(window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, { cloneOriginal: false, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: false });*/ return api; } function createNewSubmitButton (originalSubmitButton = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, options = {}) { const defaultOptions = { cloneOriginal: true, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: true, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; const newSubmitButton = document.createElement('button'); //newSubmitButton.id = "submit-button-copy"; newSubmitButton.classList.add("btn"); newSubmitButton.textContent = originalSubmitButton.value; originalSubmitButton.after(newSubmitButton); options.hideOriginal && originalSubmitButton.style.setProperty("display", "none"); return newSubmitButton; } function initHooks (api, hookNames = []) { const hooks = Object.fromEntries(hookNames.map((hookName) => ([hookName, new Array()]))); Object.defineProperty(api, 'hooks', { value: hooks, ...lockedProperty }); } function initDonationInterrupter (options = {}) { const getExpId = () => { let experiments = window._vwo_exp; experiments = Object.entries(window._vwo_exp); let id = experiments.find(([id, data]) => { const name = data.name; return name.match(/Donation Interrupter/); })[1]?.id; return id; }; const getExpVariation = (id) => { let experiment = window._vwo_exp[id]; return experiment.combination_chosen || experiment.combination_selected; }; const defaultOptions = { id: [ 'VWO', getExpId(), getExpVariation(getExpId()) ].join('-'), tokenName: ("NA__MPR_DonationInterrupter:" + [ 'VWO', getExpId(), getExpVariation(getExpId()) ].join('-')), min: 10, max: 100, askAmount: (originalAmount) => { if (originalAmount > 500) // $500+ return false; // don't show if (originalAmount >= 400) // $400-$500 return 50; if (originalAmount >= 300) // $300-$399 return 40; if (originalAmount >= 200) // $200-$299 return 30; if (originalAmount >= 100) // $100-$199 return 15; if (originalAmount < 100) // $100- return 10; return false; }, askFrequency: (originalFrequency) => { return "monthly"; }, popupHTML: { headingHTML: (` `), bodyHTML: (` `), }, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; console.log("Initializing donation interrupter."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { const dialogElement = document.createElement('dialog'); dialogElement.id = options.id; dialogElement.classList.add("popup", "donation-interrupter", "NA"); dialogElement.innerHTML = `
${options.popupHTML.headingHTML} ${options.popupHTML.bodyHTML}
`; document.body.appendChild(dialogElement); // // const api = new Object({ askAmount: options.askAmount, askFrequency: options.askFrequency, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { id: { value: options.id, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: false, }, tokenName: { value: options.tokenName, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: false, }, Dialog: { value: dialogElement, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, show: { value: function () { this.update(), this.Dialog.showModal(), vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:shown`); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastShown", getCurrentDate()); this.hooks['onShow'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); }, ...lockedProperty }, hide: { value: function () { this.Dialog.close(), this.hooks['onHide'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); }, ...lockedProperty }, update: { value: function () { this.Dialog.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('update'), { bubbles: false }); }, ...lockedProperty } }); Object.defineProperty(api, 'storedState', { value: { storageApi: localStorage, getToken: (function () { const tokenName = this.tokenName, storageApi = this.storedState.storageApi; return JSON.parse(storageApi.getItem(tokenName)) || null; }).bind(api), setToken: (function (tokenValue) { const tokenName = this.tokenName, storageApi = this.storedState.storageApi; return storageApi.setItem(tokenName, JSON.stringify(tokenValue)); }).bind(api), updateTokenProperty: (function (tokenPropertyName, tokenPropertyValue) { let state = this.storedState.getToken() || {}; state[tokenPropertyName] = tokenPropertyValue; this.storedState.setToken(state); return (this.storedState.getToken() || {})[tokenPropertyName] || undefined; }).bind(api), } }); initHooks(api, ['onShow', 'onHide', 'onUpdate', 'onYes', 'onNo']); function handleDialogUpdate (event) { // update dynamic text in the dialog Array.from(this.Dialog.querySelectorAll('[data-value]')).forEach(async (el) => { const attributeValue = el.getAttribute('data-value'); const currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(); if (attributeValue.match("askAmount")) { el.textContent = this.askAmount(currentAmount); } else if (attributeValue.match("askFrequency")) { el.textContent = this.askFrequency(currentFrequency); } else if (attributeValue.match("originalAmount") || attributeValue.match("amount")) { el.textContent = currentAmount; } else if (attributeValue.match("originalFrequency") || attributeValue.match("frequency")) { el.textContent = currentFrequency; } }); this.hooks['onUpdate'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } api.Dialog.addEventListener('update', handleDialogUpdate.bind(api)); // const handleYes = (async function () { vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:DonationInterrupter:yes`); const currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(); const catchAsyncError = (error) => { console.error("An error occured:", error); debugger; this.hide(); }; window.NA.DonationForm.setFrequency(this.askFrequency(currentFrequency)).then((frequency) => { console.log("Updated frequency:", frequency); window.NA.DonationForm.setAmount(this.askAmount(currentAmount)).then((amount) => { console.log("Updated amount:", amount); setTimeout(() => { console.log("Submitting..."); try { window.NA.DonationForm.submit(); } catch (error) { console.error("Error when submitting."); } finally { this.hide(); } }, 100); }).catch(catchAsyncError); }).catch(catchAsyncError); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastConverted", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); const handleNo = (function () { vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:DonationInterrupter:no`); setTimeout(() => { console.log("Submitting..."); try { window.NA.DonationForm.submit(); } catch (error) { console.error("Error when submitting."); } finally { this.hide(); } }, 100); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastDismissed", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); const handleCancel = (function () { this.hide(); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastDismissed", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); async function handleDialogButtonClick (event) { event.preventDefault(); if (event.target.hasAttribute('data-action')) { if (event.target.getAttribute('data-action').match("yes")) { await handleYes.call(this); this.hooks['onYes'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } if (event.target.getAttribute('data-action').match("no")) { await handleNo.call(this); this.hooks['onNo'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } } } Array.from(api.Dialog.querySelectorAll('.popup__footer button')).forEach((button) => button.addEventListener('click', handleDialogButtonClick.bind(api))); if (api.Dialog.querySelector('.btn-dismiss')) api.Dialog.querySelector('.btn-dismiss').onclick = handleCancel; window.NA.DonationForm.DonationInterrupter = api; async function shouldDonationInterrupterShow () { return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { const shouldSubmit = true, shouldNotSubmit = false; const shouldShow = () => { this.show(), resolve(shouldNotSubmit) }, shouldNotShow = () => resolve(shouldSubmit); try { const formIsValid = await window.NA.DonationForm.validate(); if (!formIsValid) return console.log("One or more donation form fields are invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); const currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(), currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), askFrequency = this.askFrequency(currentFrequency), askAmount = this.askAmount(currentAmount); if (!currentFrequency || askFrequency == currentFrequency) return console.log("Ask frequency returned false or invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); if (askAmount == false || askAmount <= 0) return console.log("Ask amount returned false or invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } catch (error) { return console.error(error), shouldNotShow(); } try { /// Summary: shows when not seen before at all, or if seen and dismissed on a day that is not the current day (e.g. yesterday) const storedState = this.storedState.getToken(); if (!storedState || !storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastShown")) { // has not been seen before; first time return console.log("Donation interrupter not seen yet; donation interrupter will be shown."), shouldShow(); } else { // returning visitors if (storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastConverted")) { // the user has converted from the popup before return console.log("Already converted; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } else if (storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastDismissed") && storedState['lastDismissed'] !== getCurrentDate()) { // if the popup has been dismissed before but the last time it was dismissed is NOT today return console.log("Donation interrupter dismissed, but not today; donation interrupter will be shown."), shouldShow(); } else { return console.log("Donation interrupter already seen and/or dismissed today; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } } } catch (error) { return console.error(error), shouldNotShow(); } }); } window.NA.DonationForm.interceptSubmit(shouldDonationInterrupterShow.bind(api)); resolve(api); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } }); } window.NA = window.NA || {}; window.NA.DonationForm = window.NA.DonationForm || {}; window.NA.DonationForm.init = async function init () { console.log("Initializing donation form API. Waiting for required elements...."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const asyncWaitForElement=async function(e,r=100,t=1e4){r=Number.isInteger(r)&&r>0&&r<=100?r:parseInt(r);let n="Array";if("NaN"==r)return console.error("Invalid refresh interval:",r);Array.isArray(e)||"string"!=typeof e||(n="string",e=[e]);let l=e=>document.querySelector(e),i=e=>e.every(e=>!!l(e));return new Promise((R,a)=>{let m=(e,r=null)=>(r&&clearInterval(r),R("Array"==n||e.length>1?e.map(e=>l(e)):l(e[0]))),o=n=>{console.error(`${n.name}: ${n.message}`);let l=()=>asyncWaitForElement(e,r=100,t=1e4);return a(n,l)};try{if(i(e))return m(e);let s=setInterval(()=>{if(i(e))return m(e,s)},1e3/r);setTimeout(()=>{try{if(!i(e)){clearInterval(s);let r=Error(`Failed to find matching elements within ${t}ms`);throw r.name="Timed Out",r}}catch(n){return o(n)}},t)}catch(u){return o(u)}})}; asyncWaitForElement([ 'form.webform-client-form', '#webform-component-donation--recurs-monthly', '#webform-component-donation--amount', '#webform-component-donation--recurring-amount', '.form-actions input[type="submit"]' ]).then(([ componentDonationForm, componentFrequency, componentAmountOnetime, componentAmountMonthly, formSubmitButton ]) => { const api = DonationFormAPI({ root: componentDonationForm, frequencyRadios: [...componentFrequency.querySelectorAll('.form-type-radio')], amountRadios: [ [...componentAmountOnetime.querySelectorAll('div > .form-type-radio, div > .webform-component-textfield')], [...componentAmountMonthly.querySelectorAll('div > .form-type-radio, div > .webform-component-textfield')], ], submitButton: formSubmitButton, // }); window.NA.DonationForm = { ...window.NA.DonationForm, ...api }; resolve(window.NA.DonationForm); }).catch((error) => reject(error)); }); }; }catch(e) {console.error(e)} return vwo_$('head')[0] && vwo_$('head')[0].lastChild;})("head")}}, R_940895_61_1_2_9:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) { if(!vwo_$.fn.vwoRevertHtml){ return; }; var el,ctx=vwo_$(x); /*vwo_debug log("Revert","editElement","#tfa_134-L > b:nth-of-type(1)"); vwo_debug*/(el=vwo_$("#tfa_134-L > b:nth-of-type(1)")).vwoRevertHtml();})("#tfa_134-L > b:nth-of-type(1)")}}, C_940895_61_1_2_9:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {var el,ctx=vwo_$(x); /*vwo_debug log("editElement","#tfa_134-L > b:nth-of-type(1)"); vwo_debug*/(el=vwo_$("#tfa_134-L > b:nth-of-type(1)")).html("10. 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One on One: The deadly force gun bill

Flaherty, Olson
From left: Dennis Flaherty, the executive director of Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association, and Joseph Olson, a law professor at Hamline University, debate the deadly force bill.
MPR Photo/Sarah Ashworth

The Minnesota Senate is expected to vote soon on a bill that would expand the state's "castle doctrine." Current law allows people to use deadly force if they believe they're in imminent danger while defending their dwelling.

The new bill expands the definition of a dwelling to include a home, a hotel room, tent, car or a boat. The House passed the measure last year and last week the Senate Finance Committee gave the measure the go-ahead. If it passes the full Senate, Gov. Mark Dayton says he doesn't yet know if he'll sign it into law.

Below is a transcription of a conversation that aired today on "Morning Edition." Host Cathy Wurzer sat down with Hamline University law professor Joseph Olson, who supports the bill, and Dennis Flaherty, the executive director of Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association, who opposes it.

Cathy Wurzer: Professor, I'm going to start with you first. We have the so-called castle doctrine already in law. What would this change specifically?

Joseph Olson: With regard to your dwelling or your home, your place of abode, it doesn't change anything. What it does is it deals largely with the situation of when you're outside your home — which is where 87 percent of all criminal assaults and murders, robberies, etc., occur. When you're out there, it says that in some cases, you will have similar protection. And the other one it does is it adds enforceable felonies. These are crimes where an essential element of the crime is violence. If somebody is committing an armed robbery, we assume that he will carry out the robbery. And he will use whatever force is necessary to carry out the robbery — and you can defend yourself.

Wurzer: Dennis, what do you not like about the proposed changes in the castle doctrine?

Dennis Flaherty: Well, Cathy, it is probably the most sweeping and unnecessary legislation that has come before the Legislature in quite some time. It goes way beyond what has been called the castle doctrine. It makes changes to who can carry guns in the state of Minnesota. This proposal, if passed, would allow permits from every state in the nation to be valid in Minnesota.

Secondly, it prevents police officers from taking into custody any firearms except in an arrest situation. But officers all over our state are going to domestic disturbances or with mentally incompetent people where there are guns involved. Right now, we will take those guns until the tempers go down, until problems are dealt with.

Wurzer: Joe Olson: This has happened in the past, obviously in the recent past, where an officer has gone into a domestic violence situation. And those are very iffy, dicey situations often times. If under this bill, the individual in question has a gun, might the officer be in danger because this individual thinks the officer is encroaching upon his or her dwelling?

Olson: No. The officer can disarm the individual. There's a Supreme Court case that allows that. This doesn't change that at all.

Wurzer: What about, though, the safety of police officers under this bill? Do you worry about that at all? Because Dennis Flaherty is worried about the safety of his officers going into potentially volatile situations with a person who might have a gun.

Olson: One: I always worry about the safety of police officers. Two: This bill doesn't change that. The police retain the same powers that they have now under exactly the same circumstances that they have now.

Wurzer: And Sen. [Gretchen] Hoffman, I believe, Dennis, is working on some new language that would explicitly prohibit the use of deadly force against police under this bill.

Flaherty: Cathy, I don't know about that. Sen. Hoffman refused to meet with law enforcement representatives before the bill was going to be heard in the Senate last year. But I can tell you that officer safety is the primary concern that we have about this bill.

First of all, by expanding the definition of the home to include yards, garages, decks, boats, tents, is very troublesome. But the bill says whoever enters upon that property by force or stealth. Well, every day in the state of Minnesota, we have peace officers that are entering on somebody's property — often times by stealth so that we have the element of surprise. We are extremely fearful that with this shoot-first-ask-questions-later mentality that this bill establishes, that we will have officers that will not only be in harm's way, but in fact will be injured or perhaps killed.

And I need to point out that there has never been a case in the state of Minnesota where anyone who used force to protect themselves in their home has ever been prosecuted.

Wurzer: Professor Olson: Current law says if someone's breaking into my house, I could if I feel I'm being threatened, I'm supposed to run away and call the police before I shoot. Is that right?

Olson: In your home, there is no requirement of retreat in Minnesota, and there never has been.

Wurzer: If I'm in my car, or if I'm somewhere else, I'm supposed to retreat first, or call police and then shoot?

Olson: If it's possible for you to retreat with complete safety.

Wurzer: Under this new provision, I could shoot first and then ask questions later?

Olson: No. You can only shoot if you reasonably believe you face an imminent danger of death or serious harm. You cannot shoot just because they are there. You cannot shoot just because you want to. You have to meet the specific requirements of the law. But the one thing you don't have to do is turn your back on a deadly threat and try and outrun a speeding bullet.

Wurzer: Dennis Flaherty: Could a reasonable person think, because this is probably the scariest moment of their life, if some criminal is pointing a gun at them, that reasonably could I feel comfortable in shooting that person? I would feel like I'm under threat.

Flaherty: You could do that now, Cathy, and you'll be able to do that under the new law. That is not really the issue here. The issue is that it changes the standard to include property. So now if I see someone out in my backyard I may be concerned and frightened and so I shoot them. The prosecutor is going to have to prove what was in this person's mind at the time. I think it goes way, way too far.

Wurzer: And what happens, Joe Olson, under this bill if a criminal shoots a police officer or somebody else and then argues "I felt I was threatened."

Olson: They do that all the time. And they always lose because the jury doesn't believe them.

Wurzer: I have to ask you something that Dennis brought up about the permitting process. This bill would allow folks from other states that may have more lax permitting processes to pack their guns in Minnesota.

Olson: There are two answers to that. One: We do that with driver's licenses. We let people drive 3,000-, 5,000-, 50,000-pound weapons down the highway. Two: If you look at the bill, the bill says this: If we have someone in Minnesota with a Texas permit who is acting up and would be denied a permit under Minnesota [law], his authority from Texas is not recognized in Minnesota.

Flaherty: The fact is, Cathy, that there are 15 other states with same or similar standards for being issued a permit to carry. The rest of them do not require backgrounds like we do and they do not require any kind of training whatsoever. These people, from all those other states, now can carry a gun legally. I don't think that's the kind of Minnesota that the people really want.

Wurzer: All right. Thanks, gentlemen, for being in studio with me. I appreciate it.

MPR online producer Nathaniel Minor transcribed and edited this interview.

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